Galileo

Photo: IFEN New Galileo OS SIS ICD V2.0 is now fully supported by IFEN’s NCS Nova GNSS simulatorPhoto: IFENIFEN GmbH, a manufacturer of GNSS navigation test products and services, announced that its NCS Nova GNSS simulator now fully supports the simulation of Galileo Open Service (OS) signal improvements based on the new Galileo OS SIS ICD V2.0.The NCS Nova GNSS simulator is a high-end, powerful and easy-to-use satellite navigation testing and R&D device. It is fully capable of multi-constellation and multi-frequency simulations for a wide range of GNSS applications. It provides multiple GNSS frequencies in one box.A key enhancement to the NCS Nova GNSS simulator is comprehensive support of new Galileo OS signal message improvements on E1B. By enabling real-time simulation of the Galileo OS message improvements, the NCS Nova GNSS Simulator expands the user’s Galileo signal capability.The NCS Nova GNSS simulator will, in future, also fully support the new Galileo E1B OS-Navigation Message Authentication (OS-NMA) and Galileo E6B High Accuracy Service (HAS) capabilities.The GNSS simulator enhancements were developed through ESA’s Navigation Innovation and Support Programme (NAIVSP) Element 2, within the project STX2G.“Through a simple software update, NCS Nova GNSS Simulator customers can automatically generate the new Galileo signal capabilities,” said Günter Heinrichs, head of Client Solutions at IFEN. “Adding Galileo OS signal improvement support to our NCS Nova GNSS simulator comes at the perfect time given the recent release of the Galileo OS SIS ICD V2.0 specification.” About the Author: Tracy Cozzens Senior Editor Tracy Cozzens joined GPS World magazine in 2006. She also is editor of GPS World’s newsletters and the sister website Geospatial Solutions. She has worked in government, for non-profits, and in corporate communications, editing a variety of publications for audiences ranging from federal government contractors to teachers.

The issue persists. OK Status Error Reported 31 0x80000000 IMU measurement outlier detected. Indicates when the SPAN system has detected an outlier in the IMU performance. May be treated as a notice unless the issue persists. OK Outlier detected RF Paths for OEM7 Receivers RF Path OEM719, OEM729,OEM7700, PwrPak7,CPT7700, SMART7 OEM7720, PwrPak7D,CPT7 OEM7500, OEM7600, SMART2 RF1 GPS L1 GLONASS L1 Galileo E1 BDS B1 QZSS L1 SBAS L1 1st antenna GPS L1 GLONASS L1 Galileo E1 BDS B1 QZSS L1 SBAS L1 GPS L1 GLONASS L1 Galileo E1 BDS B1 QZSS L1 SBAS L1 RF2 Reserved Reserved GPS L2/L5 GLONASS L2/L3 Galileo E5 BDS B2 QZSS L2/L5 NavIC L5 SBAS L5 RF3 GPS L2 GLONASS L2 Galileo E6 BDS B3 QZSS L2/L6 1st antenna GPS L2/L5 GLONASS L2/L3 Galileo E5 BDS B2 QZSS L2/L5 NavIC L5 SBAS L5 Reserved RF4 GPS L5 GLONASS L3 Galileo E5 BDS B2 QZSS L5 NavIC L5 SBAS L5 2nd antenna GPS L1 GLONASS L1 Galileo E1 BDS B1 QZSS L1 Reserved RF5 Reserved 2nd antenna GPS L2/L5 GLONASS L2/L3 Galileo E5 BDS B2 QZSS L2/L5 NavIC L5 Reserved RF6 Reserved Reserved Reserved Auxiliary 2 Status Nibble Bit Mask Description Bit = 0 Bit = 1 N0 0 0x00000001 SPI Communication Failure OK Error 1 0x00000002 I2C Communication Failure OK Error 2 0x00000004 COM4 buffer overrun flag No overrun Buffer Overrun 3 0x00000008 COM5 buffer overrun flag No overrun Buffer Overrun N1 4 0x00000010 Reserved 5 0x00000020 Reserved 6 0x00000040 Reserved 7 0x00000080 Reserved N2 8 0x00000100 Reserved 9 0x00000200 COM1 buffer overrun flag OK Buffer Overrun 10 0x00000400 COM2 buffer overrun flag OK Buffer Overrun 11 0x00000800 COM3 buffer overrun flag OK Buffer Overrun N3 12 0x00001000 PLL RF1 unlock flag OK PLL Unlock 13 0x00002000 PLL RF2 unlock flag OK PLL Unlock 14 0x00004000 PLL RF3 unlock flag OK PLL Unlock 15 0x00008000 PLL RF4 unlock flag OK PLL Unlock N4 16 0x00010000 PLL RF5 unlock flag OK PLL Unlock 17 0x00020000 PLL RF6 unlock flag OK PLL Unlock 18 0x00040000 CCOM1 buffer overrun OK Buffer Overrun 19 0x00080000 CCOM2 buffer overrun OK

The origins of Jupiter's Galilean moons is a long-standing mystery. But new research suggests a promising pathway for how they may have formed. From bottom to top is Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Jupiter is shown to scale on the right.Moons: NASA/JPL/Galileo; Jupiter: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute; Image data processing and layout: Kevin M. Gill As the citizens of Padua, Italy, watched the Sun set on the evening of Jan. 7, 1610, none of them could have known that somewhere in their beautiful city, standing on a balcony high above them, a man was preparing to not only make history, but transform our very understanding of our place in the universe.That man was scientist, inventor, and visionary Galileo Galilei.As darkness fell over Padua, Galileo gazed out over the city rooftops to the east to where the constellation Orion, and above it, a nearly Full Moon, were on the rise. To the brilliant Moon’s upper-right, he saw a blue-white star, brighter by far than any of the stars around it.As a scholar of science who was familiar with the sky and its workings, Galileo knew that this point of light was no star; it was the planet Jupiter. With great eagerness, he swung his new and improved telescope toward it, curious to learn what he would see.Galileo sets his telescopic sights on JupiterThis line engraving of Galileo depicts the astronomer alongside a drawing that shows Earth’s orbit around the Sun, as well as the Moon’s orbit around Earth.Line engraving by Boutrois & Jouannin after J. A. Laurent, 1822. Courtesy of the Wellcome Collection, Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)Galileo’s first crude telescope only magnified objects a few times, barely enough to change their appearance. But the modified telescope he swung toward Jupiter that January evening had a very respectable magnification of 20x. As Galileo peered into the telescope’s eyepiece and jiggled the instrument around, searching for the planet, he must have been very impatient for it to finally swing into view.When it eventually did, Galileo was amazed to see Jupiter wasn’t alone. There were several small, pinprick stars flanking it — two on one side, one on the other — all bathed in the bright planet’s metallic glare. Like any good observer, Galileo recorded what he saw, pondered on it for a while, then likely swung his telescope to other targets.But on subsequent clear nights, Galileo returned to Jupiter again and again,